Malcolm X Essay -- Biography

Malcolm XThe history of the United States has in it much separation or segregation due to race. For a long time our country has seen racial discrimination as a large problem and this has caused ethnic groups to be looked mass upon or strained into a lifestyle of difficulties and suppression. Due to this, races, particularly African-Americans, have been forced to deal with unequal opportunity and poverty, leading to less honorable ways of getting by and also organizations that support change. Malcolm X is one strong compositors case of a colored man who fell into this type of hate and acted against it, uniting people to promote the advancement of colored people and change. At a untested age, Malcolm saw the ways in which blacks were seen as inferior, when his perplex supported an organization that promoted the return of blacks to Africa. Malcolm watched at a young age while the Klu Klux Klan burnt down his familys house, he also knew of his grandmother being raped by a white man , which caused his mothers light skin and his red hair. His father was killed when six white men beat him to death because they did not like what his father was doing in his organization. This was the early stage in like in which Malcolms hatred of white people begins. I believe that the high point of Malcolms hatred for white people comes when the welfare agency declares his mother amuck and institutionalizes her, causing his family to be split apart. Malcolm blames the welfare agency for splitting up his famil...

Doctor Faustus Essays: Psychoanalytical, Feministic, and Cultural Persp

Psychoanalytical, Feministic, and Cultural Perspectives in Dr. Faustus               Christopher Marlowes acclaimed Doctor Faustus uses many rhetorical methods to breathe life into the plot and story line. There are manifestly psychoanalytical methods used, as well as certain aspects of the feministic method, somewhat less evident, but no less important are the cultural background issues that father into play. These three methods help to smooth the edges and round out the corners of this complex journey into the fictitious life of a highly educated man who appears to have anything he would need.   Psychoanalytically speaking, the battles between the id and superego of Dr. Faustus, cause severe turmoil in his moral conscience. This is evident in the text by the battery of the two angels, one holy and the separate evil. He even consciously battles with his id, when he cries out, O Christ, my savior, my savior Help to save dist ressed Faustus soul. (P. 48, lines89-90) Faustus often becomes offensive with Meph...

Free Glass Menagerie Essays: Characters and Symbols :: The Glass Menagerie

Characters and Symbols in The Glass Menagerie In The Glass Menagerie, the main characters are Laura, Amanda, Tom, Jim, and Father. individu each(prenominal)y character can be found with symbols that best pay off them. Laura s two symbols are lively Roses and her scum menagerie, Unicorn. Amanda s yellow dress and bathrobe can express her hunch she has of the past event. Tom s symbols are the movies and merchant marine. Jims symbolize itself as a gentlemen caller for Laura. The Father s portrait portrays his abandonment of the Wingfield family. Laura is a hypersensitive young girl. She spends all of her time in a world of glass ornaments and stayed in her apartment. Even though she tries several times to participate in the outside world, she is too fragile. The Blue Roses represent the uniqueness of Laura. Blue Roses do not exist in this world or even if there is, it is not by nature. This rose is disparate from other roses just as Laura is different from other girls. The colo r blue represents the sadness and depression. Laura felt these feelings at home because she is not as popular as Amanda and she cannot succeed in college that Amanda hopes her to be. Amandas expectation caused Laura to feel bad when she does not meet her requirements. Laura had dropped out of Rubicam Business College and she can not find any gentleman caller. Roses represent Laura along with her beauty and innocence. The stem of the rose can define as the support that Amanda and Tom gave her. The thorn is her shyness. It is her shyness that no one wants to go underweight her and she does not want to go near anyone. The Glass Menagerie represents Laura hypersensitive nature and fragility. Laura is just as easily broken as a glass unicorn and just as unique. When Jim accidentally bumps into the unicorn and breaks it, the unicorn is no longer unique. When Jim kisses Laura and then shatters her hopes by telling her he is engaged, she becomes broken-hearted and less unique. The innocen ce that made Laura so unique is right off lost. Both Laura and the glass menagerie break when they are exposed to the outside world. When Laura gives Jim her broken unicorn, it symbolizes her broken heart that Jim will take with him when he leaves. She gives Jim a dinky bit of herself to take with him and he leaves behind a little bit of himself with her shattered horses.

Loneliness and Acceptance Essay -- First Person Narrative Examples

I feel uncomfortable in my own world. Being alone unnerves me. I always have felt the need to sh be my world, my judgement and my feelings with somebody. My feelings about myself seem less important than what others think of me. Im scargond of being lonely. And so are we all. We all seem to be on a sustained search for someone who will really love and understand us. Someone to provide us with a purpose for life. And yet I think we are all essentially alone. We are alone in our ideas an emotions. The first time I really felt alone was when I was leaving Kentucky. We were at the drome saying our last good-byes. I was leaving everything and everyone that I loved, understood, cared for, to come and study in the Bay area. I was leaving familiar territory and moving into an unknown, unfamiliar with(predicate) world. I was saying good-bye to people who I had either grown up with or those who had seen me grow up. All my memories and emotions were attached to them. They were people who I thought really knew me and understood me. Yet every one of them had their own impression of how I should feel. Excitement, joy, fear, and sadness being the most popular. However nobody really knew what I was feeling. I felt all these emotions blended into an unique emotion of my own. One that I could not share with even my best friend. When I expressed my fears and concern about leaving Kentucky, no one seemed to really listen to what I was saying. They kept saying it would be alright. I was mature and almost an adult and the westbound world with its great material temptations wouldnt corrupt me. scarcely in my mind I felt isolated. I wanted them to sit and feel my anguish with me. But they wanted to pacify me, console me as though I were a baby. At that time I fel... ...e or friendship. We are taught that we dont have an identity if we are alone. Which is why we treat loneliness as a disease, one to be avoided at any cost. Loneliness is viewed as an inadequacy of our persona lities. Though all of us are taught to be independent, our independence is superficial. We can cook, clean, and do our laundry but we cant seem to take care of our emotions independently. We are taught that we need to share all our emotions. And I believe that however hard we search we can never get the kind of understanding that we are looking for. We are taught to be uncomfortable in our own world. Society conditions us to believe that we are inadequately equipped to be alone and content. And that alone always means lonely. Works Cited Macdonald, Elizabeth. Odalisque Encounters (Edt. Pat C. Hoy, Robert DiYanni) The Mc.Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Women and Obstetrics: The Loss of Childbirth to Male Physicians Essay

Women and Obstetrics The Loss of Childbirth to Male Physicians char is often referred to as a diseased state of the male norm. health check exam testing is done on men, with men as the norm. Womens bodies are diseased and dysfunctional. Female processes are not normal occurrences in the female body. They are deviate processes, needing male consultation and male solutions. This medicalization of womens bodies occurred during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries as medicine became professionalized and men came to be in control of womens bodies and their processes. During the fifteenth, sixteenth, seventeenth and part of the eighteenth century, midwives oversaw womens medical needs. Childbirth and diseases of the reproductive organs were the domain of midwives. Books on midwifery taught midwives to diagnose problems, to suggest treatments, and to oversee birth. As men sought to professionalize medicine and to come on their control they began to become involved in midwifery and d eveloped obstetrics and gynecology. The shift from midwife to obstetrician and gynecologist occurred from the early eighteenth through the nineteenth centuries. Relinquishing control of their territory was not something midwives did voluntarily, rather it happened as a result of questions of womens place and innovations in engineering. Mens access to education and to technology provided them with an expediency over female midwives. Female midwives and women in general were denied medical education. They were not exposed, nor allowed to use certain technologies. In order for midwives to keep their job, they were forbidden from practicing medicine. Using technology was practicing medicine midwives could not use technology to ease labor or to diagnose... ...d (New York, New York Oxford University Press, 1986)Leavitt, Judith Walzer, ed., Women and Health in America (Madison, Wisconsin The University of Wisconsin Press, 1984)Mitchinson, Wendy, Hysteria and Insanity in Women A Nineteent h Century Canadian Perspective Journal of Canadian Studies 21 (1988) 1199-208Morantz-Sanchez, Regina Markell, Sympathy and Science Women Physicians in American Medicine (New York, New York Oxford University Press, 1985)Moscucci, Ornella, The Science of Woman Gynecology and Gender in England 1800-1929 (Cambridge, England Cambridge University Press, 1990)Tatlock, Lynne, Speculum Feminarum Gendered Perspectives on Obstetrics and Gynecology in Early Modern Germany Signs 17 (1992) 725-56Wajcman, Judy, Feminism Confronts Technology (University Park, Pennsylvania The Pennsylvania disk operating system University Press, 1991)

Women and Obstetrics: The Loss of Childbirth to Male Physicians Essay

Women and Obstetrics The Loss of Childbirth to Male Physicians womanhood is often referred to as a diseased state of the male norm. checkup testing is done on men, with men as the norm. Womens bodies are diseased and dysfunctional. Female processes are not normal occurrences in the female body. They are abnormal processes, needing male consultation and male solutions. This health checkization of womens bodies occurred during the eighteenth and ordinal centuries as medicine became professionalized and men came to be in control of womens bodies and their processes. During the fifteenth, sixteenth, seventeenth and part of the eighteenth century, midwives oversaw womens medical needs. Childbirth and diseases of the reproductive organs were the domain of midwives. Books on midwifery taught midwives to diagnose problems, to suggest treatments, and to oversee birth. As men sought to professionalize medicine and to that their control they began to become involved in midwifery and devel oped obstetrics and gynecology. The shift from midwife to obstetrician and gynecologist occurred from the early eighteenth through the nineteenth centuries. Relinquishing control of their territory was not something midwives did voluntarily, rather it happened as a result of questions of womens place and innovations in applied science. Mens access to education and to technology provided them with an reinforcement over female midwives. Female midwives and women in general were denied medical education. They were not exposed, nor allowed to use certain technologies. In order for midwives to keep their job, they were forbidden from practicing medicine. Using technology was practicing medicine midwives could not use technology to ease labor or to diagnose... ...d (New York, New York Oxford University Press, 1986)Leavitt, Judith Walzer, ed., Women and Health in America (Madison, Wisconsin The University of Wisconsin Press, 1984)Mitchinson, Wendy, Hysteria and Insanity in Women A Ninet eenth Century Canadian Perspective Journal of Canadian Studies 21 (1988) 1199-208Morantz-Sanchez, Regina Markell, Sympathy and Science Women Physicians in American Medicine (New York, New York Oxford University Press, 1985)Moscucci, Ornella, The Science of Woman Gynecology and Gender in England 1800-1929 (Cambridge, England Cambridge University Press, 1990)Tatlock, Lynne, Speculum Feminarum Gendered Perspectives on Obstetrics and Gynecology in Early Modern Germany Signs 17 (1992) 725-56Wajcman, Judy, Feminism Confronts Technology (University Park, Pennsylvania The Pennsylvania recite University Press, 1991)

Two Halves of the Same Song

Two Halves of the Same Song My mystify believed you could be anything you wanted to be in America (526). This is the first curse in Two Kinds by Amy Tan spoken by the vote counters point of view, Jing-mei, the daughter. The business relationship was a direct reflection of love vs. uprising with the mother and the daughter, presented in a humorous almost sounding sarcastic tone to show the twain kinds of people in the story the one the mother thought the daughter should be and the one the daughter thought she should be, and in the end they realized that that was the same person.The story begins by giving humor to round of the mothers beliefs as if they were silly such as in America a person is unlimited to what they could be even if that is to be famous or exclusively a homeowner, To understand what the mother meant you would have to know a little about her background and where she came from. She was from China where women didnt have very many options on what their role in lif e could be, so for her daughter she felt that there were endless possibilities. Her mother in my eyes was more of what we like to call microscope stage moms.She hoped for her daughter to be the beaver at something, anything instead of nothing at all, so she came across pushy verses loving. One would think that these were the mothers dreams difficult to be accomplish by means of the daughter. Jing-mei started to feel like she had to be someone she wasnt in order to make her mother proud. She said I was filled with a sense that I would soon be perfect. My mother and father would adore me (527). Apparently she felt like if she wasnt great at something they wouldnt love her.The narrator makes it seem like it was the mother all along who wanted the daughter to be something she wasnt, but at one point the daughter wanted to practise just as much as much as her mother did, but the fear of failure and rejection stopped her. Next came the piano lessons. The idea of Jing-mei acting th e piano was odd, because her mother was watching an American TV show and saw a young Chinese girl playing. Ni-Kan her mother would say which meant, you watch, and then make her practice the piano day after day to become better than the Chinese girl on TV.After this point the daughter rebels against the mother trying to fail to prove that this is who she was, ordinary. If she didnt try at anything she couldnt fail. The daughter didnt realize how proud her mother was of her just for trying. In the in the beginning days when you were born you were born into a certain class, and that class defined who you could become in life whether it be a king, farmer, merchant, or a blacksmith. In this story the situation seems very similar. Why would Jing-mei want to be famous or talented when her mother was merely a house cleaner? perhaps she was content with the life she was born into and didnt feel as if she needed to be talented to be happy. Her mother put her in a tale bragging to her friend s how Jing-mei loved to play the piano. This was her opportunity to show her mother who she was and it wasnt the person she wanted her to be, so Jing-mei went up and played horribly. However, through all of the disobedience trying to stay true to who she was, which seemed to be a slacker, the mother still pushed her to try and not give up.Years later the mother dies and Jing-mei realizes that her mother real did love her and was proud of her. She only pushed her because she wanted her to be the best at who she wanted to be and let her know that just because you are born into a certain lifestyle that doesnt define who you are, you define who you are. The tone of the story begins to sound happy verses the angry, sarcastic, and once comical tone making fun of the mother. Jing-mei in reality starts to get the point her mother tried so hard to install in her.One of the last sentences of the story caught my eye. It seemed to sum up everything in the story and why the conflicts of intere sts occurred. And after I played them both a few times, I realized they were two halves of the same vocal music(534). Two halves of the same song could have been the title for Any Tans short story. The mother and the daughter both wanted the same things for the daughter to be happy, and be the best at what made her happy but looking at it from only one way you would not have figured that out.In this story it was told totally from the daughters point of view. If the mother were to narrate this story it would have been completely different. Maybe she would have not seemed as so unhappy with her life that she had to live it through her daughters, but the daughter would have seemed as someone who didnt care for there mothers affection and just wanted to be disobedient. There is always two sides to a story but in this case they seemed to be arguing the same story. Two halves of the same song(534).

Marriage and New Brand-name Establishments

What a surprise to see you here. How many ages, since weve last seen, whats new? Oh, a lot of things. Weve moved to a nonher city, its a lot more comfortable to go in a city, not in coun extendside. Its faster to get to the job, there be much more amusements and children are enraptured with their new school As for me, I wear upont agree with you that live in the city is much easier, its healthier to live in the countryside, and, besides, what happened to you? I remember, that you had told, that youll never move to another place. We were all delighted about our city after graduation.By the way it has changed much. You see, life moves fast, so I try to be in the swim. Now I think its time to move in the cities, its much more interesting there, much more employment prospects. And how are you? I have left in our town after graduation. My life has changed a lot. We were graduated as rightyers, but then I realized that law is not something for me, so I became a designer. Oh, de ar, what you are talking about? Are there any other women who would graduate from university of law and become a designer? Oh, well, youve always amazed me with your decisions.So, I see youve got married as well. Yes, do you remember Harry? Our group mate? He is my husband. Oh, what a surprise, my congratulations Is he is still working as a legal assistant? No, he is a court-appointed attorney. He used to work hard, at long last he got this high position, Im so proud of him. You seem to have a very happy family life. I have never imagination that you would become such a nice and adorable wife, you used to tell, that youre going to take up the world as the best lawyer the worldly concern ever seen and now you tell me, that youre married and proud of your husband making your career. I do, I used to work as attorney as well, but I have left the job, because its very difficult for me to combine job and family. Now I am making some coin on the side being a designer for one of tho se new brand-name establishments in our town. For me its very important to be a good wife, and, by the way, were waiting a baby. Are you serious? Such a great piece of news My congratulations. And as for me, Ive got divorced. My husband didnt uniform that Im working so much, it was the time, when I was coming up to the world, I didnt like the idea to risk with my career for living with him, so it was the end. But I know that you have a wonderful daughter, how old is she? She is nine. Weve got divorced after her birth. It was a good experience for me. I will not marry anyone, whos going to teach me how to live. You sound very independent. Are you really happy being single, I mean are you really trustworthy of that kind, that happiness is when youre making up your career and theres no man in your life, who would take care of you? Oh no, I just dont want to live with somebody, who thinks, that my opinion is not that important as his.As for family, I hope to meet somebody, a true bask, you see, and I feel, that this moment is instead near. Youre right, and Im sure, youll meet it very soon. Do you remember Patrick? Oh yes, that boy from our group, that I used to like so much. He was quite interested, when he heard that youre coming to our city and he wants to see you. What do you think about going to an alumni reunion this evening? Id love to Ill be there. Ok, see ya there, Ill wait you in the hall at 6 pm Ok)

Jonathan Edwards Essay

1. Explain the mood of this passage. The mood of this passage is somber and serious. During the passage Jonathan is in a very serious intonate.2. Using specific examples, give one example of a metaphor, one example of a simile, and one example of an allusion that Edwards uses in this passage from the sermon to elicit this particular mood. Jonathan Edwards is a preacher trying to scare his group into salvation he compares them to insects dangling over the fires of hell and but beau ideals mercy keeps them from burning. The mood is angry and urgent. A metaphor would be the fire of wrath. A simile would be comparing people on the summer threshing floor. An allusion would be hell. A word that makes the tone clear would be consider the fearful danger you are in. Lastly an image would be a spider hanging over furnace by a string held by a big hand that could drop it any time.3. What specific spoken communication (minimum of three) does he choose to make his tone clear? He uses lots of words to make his tone clear. He uses a very powerful tone of voice. He uses words like danger, wrath, damned in hell, etc. These words make the passage a lot more eye catching in my opinion.4. What images (pictures in the listeners mind) does Edwards use in the passage to make his tone clear? What effect do those images have on establishing the tone of the piece? He uses gods rough wind to make his tone clear. His tone is also very serious while hes talking about this.5. In the last two paragraphs of the sermon (refer to the Investigate page of this lesson) Edwardss talks about an extraordinary opportunity his congregation has. What is this opportunity? How does his sermon persuade the congregation to take advantage of this opportunity? The opportunity that Edward is talking about in the last two paragraphs is Salvation. Hes telling the people that only counselling not to get to hell is through salvation or else theyll end up in hell and thats not a place they would ask to be.

The Proverbs of Administration Herbert Simon Summary

Bekki Drewlo Simon, Herbert A. (1946). The Proverbs of Administration. In J. M. Shafrits & A. C. Hyde (Eds. ), Classics of public administration (6th ed. ) (pp. 124-137). Boston, MA Thompson Wadsworth.ARTICLE SUMMARYIn Herbert Simons The Proverbs of Administration he begins outlining what he describes as the judge administrative principles (p. 124). These principles state that administrative efficiency is increased by speciality of tasks among members of a group, unity of command, limiting the span of take at any star point in the hierarchy and by grouping the workers according to purpose, process, clientele and place.He then goes on to detail specific examples of how each principle could be tested in real world administrative situations for validity. Simon subjects each principle in turn to a very critical analysis beginning with distinctiveness. He describes specialization as a deceptive simplicity and conveys that the fundamental problem with specialization is that it is ambi guous and he leads the reader to determine that the principle of specialization is of not swear out at all in deciding how to specialize to improve efficiency (p. 25) Turning to unity of command, Simon points out that this principle is simply incompatible with the principle of specialization (p. 125). If using the specialization principal, then the specialist would be looked upon for the decisions, not the person in command as the unity of command principal would require. Span of control contradictions atomic number 18 highlighted by Simon by describing how both an increase and a decrease in the span of control could increase or decrease efficiency in an organization. Lastly, Simon evaluates organization by purpose, process, clientele and place.In this principle, organization based on one aspect would be to the detriment of the remaining three. In each evaluation Simon provides either contradictory solutions that meet the requirement of the proverb in question or describes situat ions where adherence to the proverb could be inefficient if not irresponsible. Simon suggests rather that the principles of administration are merely criteria for describing and diagnosing administrative situations(p. 131). Finally, Simon relates that the proverbs of administration are in desperate need of empirical research and ultimately revision.He states that efficiency should be a definition of what is good or correct administrative behavior rather than a principle of administration (p. 133). He goes on to describe an approach for a more scientific analysis of administrative principles that would allow one to easily choose between equally viable yet opposing solutions to a single administrative problem. He provides the road map by which he believes this could be accomplished, yet admits that it may even be a quixotic undertaking (p. 136).The irony of this closing contradiction is not lost on this reader.KEY POINTSThe accepted administrative principles or proverbs are inherent ly flawed.These principles are still of value by using them as criteria for describing and diagnosing administrative situations(pg 131).SpecializationUnity of CommandSpan of ControlOrganization by purpose, Process, Clientele, PlaceThe accepted administrative principles or proverbs are in desperate need of empirical research and ultimately revision.RELEVENCEThis article is relevant to students and practitioners of administration because it highlights the ongoing struggle with administrative theory. Simons highlights the contradictions inherent with the accepted administrative principles but leads the reader to understand that these principles are useful as tools in the radiation pattern of administration (p. 124). After evaluation of specialization, unity of command, span of control and organization by purpose, process, clientele and place, administrators can rely on experience to determine the reserve behavior.

How Far Was World War One Responsible for the Overthrow of Nicholas II, 1917 Essay

The First World war was indeed a major cause of the tsars overthrow in the February Revolution. However, it was not the sole factor rather, it was a catalyst and a focus that exclusivelyowed all the other preexisting factors to boil over into revolution. The First World War caused a multitude of puzzles for the peasants of Russia, both at home and on the front. The vast majority of conscripts were from farming villages, meaning that less men were at home to till the soil and produce food it also meant a general slump in food production as a whole, resulting in a deficit of grain to feed the hungry industrial workers in the cities.As the death toll of the backwards, ill-equipped Russian Army was devastatingly high, this meant that virtually everyone in Russia would lose soul they knew, regardless of social status. The lack of reliable supplies of food and basic commodities such as coal (most of it was going to the front) further crippled the economy, especially during the har sh Russian winter. This caused riots and protests to break out, ones that the once-Royalist troops were now unwilling to curb. Economic problems aside, the Tsar also made several extremely misguided decisions that further damaged his reign.While he intended to use the Great War to secure his status as Father of the People, Nicholas failed utterly in two respects. Firstly, he left directly to bid the front this meant that all the blame for every military defeat fell on his shoulders and not some scapegoat commander. He would no longer be able to divert the illwill of the people should defeats occur, and they did indeed. Secondly, he left the Tsarina in charge of running the Empire while he was away, and this was a disasterous choice on many levels.Tsarina Alexandra was a German-born princess, which naturally aroused severe animosity on the part of the people who were actually fighting the Germans. Even worse, she listened to Rasputin in everything, release many loyal ministers and replacing them with his incompetent cronies. This threw the already-disorganised Russia into even greater disarray, preventing supplies from dismayting through to the hungry workers and wrecking the economy even further. The Russians called her a spy and criminate her of conducting an affair with Rasputin, whom they loathed.They could not fathom why an uncouth, dirty peasant would find so much favor in the eyes of their monarch. The status of the Royal Family was at an all-time low in the eyes of the people, and everyone began to talk about how they should be disposed of in every class of society, no less. Further compounding the problem was the fact that the vast majority of the Russian Army was at the front. Unlike the 1905 Revolution, where the Tsar could quickly sign a peace treaty with Japan and get his soldiers loyalty with generous payments to crush the revolution, the First World War showed no signs of ending.The armys morale was incredibly low. With mass desertions almo st every solar day due to the obsolete nature of both Russian millitary tactics and equipment, many soldiers had gone back to the cities of Petrograd and Moscow to live with their families. This meant that when the tide of public sentiment finally broke out against the Tsar in another revolution, these soldiers turned in support of the revolutionary cause. Because of the poverty and chaos caused to civilians by the war, the loss of millitary support and disasterous discourse of the army, and finally the Tsars own mistakes, the Romanov Dynasty was at an end.That being said, there were other factors that stemmed from before the Great War. After the 1905 Revolution, the Tsar had promised to make his precept more constitutional. These token promises were shown in the October Manifesto, his abolition of redemption payments and the creation of the Duma, an elected parliament who in theory would help him run the empire. However, these were merely halfhearted, hollow words. The Tsar pra ctically ignored the Duma, dashing the hopes of the middle class and destroying their trust in him.In addition, he released the 1906 Fundamental Laws, which shrewdly reestablished his sovereign authority by stating that everything in the October Manifesto was permissible but only in the limits of the law, which naturally the Tsar still controlled. Additionally, the Tsar had his new Chief Minister Stolypin carry out consume reforms. He allowed the more capable peasants to accumulate the holdings of their neighbours, creating a prosperous class of kulaks or wealthy peasants.It was hoped that this would both stabilise food prices and create a restraint to revolution, a lower-middle class that would be loyal to the Tsar and unwilling to upset the favorable status quo. It mostly worked. However, what Stolypin had overlooked was the fact that many peasants would be displaced by this new mini-elite. Evicted from their homes and encouraged by the government to settle on the Trans-Siberia n Railway, they traveled many miles in cramped and cold conditions only to find that all the prime land had already been bought up by wealthy capitalists.Feeling cheated and betrayed by their Tsar, these peasants drifted into the city and found meager work in the factories. When the time came for a second revolution, they were ready. Stolypin himself was assassinated in 1911, leaving Russia a disorganised mess. No other statesman of his caliber would ever step up again in the Tsarist regime. The First World War was a major cause of the 1917 Revolution, but not the sole one. Rather, it was a climax that focused and pushed all preceding(prenominal) elements over the edge.

How does your business interpret internal / external staffing information Essay

An important task for the personnel department is to make sure that human resource homework is political machineried out. It is alike(p) market planning and it is planning of the overall business. If the employees at bottom the business atomic number 18 used effectively then the businesss objectives are achieved. provision of human resources pass on help the business to do this best. It is not only the human resources departments responsibilities to make sure that this is carried out. It is also part of the marketing production and finance managers responsibility to make sure that it is carried out.Human resource planning is often said to contain a soft and a warm side. The soft side of planning tends to include planning how to motivate and stratify workers, planning how to develop a certain a certain organizational culture or approach in employees, like good relations with clients, or quality all stages of production and planning how to support or develop employees, like tr aining. The hard side is concerned with quantifying the number, quality and type of employees that will be needed. It is also often known as manpower plan. It open fire include analyzing real employment needs, forecasting the likely future demand for employees by the business forecasting the likely future supply of workers that will be available to take up and predicting tire out swage, the extent to which workers leave the business.Planning can take place short term and long term. Short term planning is mothered at the straightaway/present needs of the business, like the filling the vacancies left, say, and due to maternity leave. Long term planning will look at planning for the future, like if the degenerate was to change production, then it would need to plan the number of employees needed.The first step in manpower planning is to conduct a skills audit and assessment of an organizations employees. This provides a comprehensive pictureof the supply of labour available to Safeway from internal sources it examines the skills, attributes and potential of the organisations flow employment. The auditis based on the manpower blood, consisting of computerised personnel records on each employee covering* Age, gender and material status* Date employment* How the employee first heard of the vacancy with the organisation* personal line of credit title* Department, section and job location* Employment status* Previous job titles within the organisation* Work experience within the organisation* receptive work experience with other employers* Performance and attainment* Qualifications* Training and development* Potential for transfer and/ or promotion.All the information that is gathered from the manpower inventory can be analysed by Safeway not only to take in the manpower resource but it can also identify important trends that may suck up implications for its future labour requirements. The data that is obtained can also be used to measure and analyse, la bour overthrow, labour stability index, sickness and accident rates, age anatomical structure of the workforce and succession.The labour overthrow ratio is used to measure the total number of employees leaving an organisation in a given period of time, which is normally a year. It is calculated in percentage terms using the formulaLabour turnover = number of employees leaving over specific period x 100Average number of people employedThe labour turnover for Safeway is = 15 x 100250Labour turnover =6%Therefore the labour turnover for Safeway is very low, where this is extremely good because it shows that only 6% actually leave within a year. A labour turnover ratio of 25% is generally considered acceptable. Its when the rate starts to reach 30 % or more that then alarm bell start to ring. A high labour turnover rate can be indicative of a number of problems there could be poor enlisting, with wrong people being selected for jobs, low levels of motivation within the department, or employee dissatisfaction with unfavourable wage rates or working conditions. It may also be due to the induction process is failing and that bare-assed employees are not being made to feel comfortable.It is also important that Safeway measure the labour turnover rate to warn of potential problems, so that the management can take appropriate action. The replacing of employees can cause a lot of disruption in the efficiency it can also create costs for recruitment and training. For Safeway to meet its manpower planning it is important that it minimises labour turnover.Another important ratio that is used, and measures, which is more suitable is the labour stability index, as the labour turnover is generally measured. The labour stability index is measured by this formula Labour stability = number employed with more than 12 months service x 100Total number of module employed one year agoThe labour stability for Safeway is = 157 x 100196Labour stability = 80The index stability represe nts stability because it emphasises those employees that stay rather than leave. The labour stability, which is 80, means that only 20% of workers leave, so this is a very good employment for Safeway.The aim of Safeway is to provide an excellent service to their customers. Here is a plan that can be used to make sure that this is set by Safeway and its employees, goals will be set for the behaviour of employees, like being polite to customers. This would be achieved with training being provided on customer care to employees. It is important that Safeways is aware of the current staff needs. In Safeway this can be done with the use of questionnaires to employees and customers, interviews with staff, performance data, discussions with managers, and recruitment or promotion information.Safeways can give questionnaire to customers to see whether customer service on the checkouts is good or not. If there is a problem then it should be sorted out Safeway can do this with extra staff or mo re training, creating a quicker and better service for customers. I believe that at busy times more staff are essential on the checkouts, as this is a occasional problem, and many customers are frustrated waiting in long queue. This is also very beneficial to employees as they will be less stressed and more motivated to meet certain goals which are set. A satisfied customer means a better temper for the store. An introduction of bonuses based on sales will be a large motivator for staff and can also be beneficial towards the customers, as they will be gaining a better service.An important factor, which will need to taken into consideration when the forecasting new employment are the effects of new or old businesses in the area. Development of housing in the area as this will create a greater demand on the store. The methods of transferee for employees and customers to the store. This is very important because people need good transport e.g. cars, public transport to be reliable, this will lead to punctuality for employees.Also customers need swooning access into the store and this is Safeways main priority for transport, because without this customers will not even bother coming if its difficult to get there. However I feel that Safeway manage to give customers easy access very well, because they also have to think about the football match days because Safeway is right show up the football stadium. So on match days they dont allow people who are not shopping to park in the Safeway car park unless they wish to pay. And local employment trends or local educational or government training schemes can make a difference in the workforce.Recruitment is a very pricey and time-consuming practise and so it is very important that Safeway implements a means of evaluating its efficiency and success. Safeway does not just determine its measure of effectiveness and success by the number of recruits that remain with the organisation over a specific period of time, even t hough it can be useful. Safeway evaluates every stage of its recruitment process. Safeway uses its labour turnover rate as a form of weaknesses or strengths indicator in its recruitment process. If the labour turnover rate were to be low then Safeways training and recruitment executions are successfully taking place. Being able to get the recruitment procedure right can lead to considerable improvements in the organisations performance.

A Different History Analysis Essay

In the poem A Different History by Sujata Bhatt, the poet speaks about culture identity, the grandness of expression, and religion. Bhatt describes the history of India during the British colonization days, from her point of view from the gradient of the oppressed. Her strong diction portrays her emotions clearly. The varied structure and tone surrounded by the two stanzas of the poem highlights the differences between the cultures and emotions she feels. Bhatt creates an impression of freedom and peace when she describes her country in the beginning(a) stanza.The two lines, Here, the gods roam freely, Every tree is sacred describe the Indian culture. They represent the out of date India, before the British had conquered it. However, in the next line, the mood of the poem differs. The poet emphasizes how wrong it is to disrespect books (nature) with the repetition of the words a sin. It portrays a different side to the Indian culture one with customs and rules that must be fol lowed. Bhatt addresses her own culture, (ll. 9-14) as it could symbolize the importance of maintaining the firm and religious beliefs of the Indian culture.See more than Experiment on polytropic process EssayTowards the end of the first stanza, the poems tone diversitys into one that is very pleading. There is a distinct change from a very calm tone to an interrogative one. You must learn how to turn the pages gently / without disturbing Sarasvati, / without offending the tree / from whose wood the paper was made. She seems as though she is commanding, or rather begging the oppressors to tread lightly, to adjust slowly to her culture, and to learn how to be gentle with it. This is the difference between the previous lines at first she was addressing her culture, but in these lines she is referring to the British. She uses the terms books, paper, and wood to refer to her culture. The tree represents her ancestors, and the paper represents the future generation.These comparisons ha ve a strong effect they make the ref think about the way he or she is treating nature. In the second stanza, Bhatt indents to highlight the difference between the two things shes talking about. The first stanza talks about how precious books are and how they should be respected. It gives us an insight to Indias old culture. On the other hand, in the beginning of the next stanza, she speaks about language and the newIndia. Bhatt begins the second stanza with rhetorical questions. Which language / has not been the oppressors tongue? / Which language / truly meant to murder someone?The poet is trying to point out that some(prenominal) languages become the language of a country because they were once the language of the people that conquered them. She is referring to the loss of her native language. It adds a tinge of humor and mockery, since she is already speaking in English. The poem ends with an ironic statement. the unborn grandchildren / grow to love that strange language. Bha tt refers to herself as the unborn grandchildren. After expressing her feelings of anger about the murder of her language, she still writes in English she still grew to love the English language. Bhatt clearly expresses what she feels about her culture. She shows that even though her culture is being destroyed and left behind because of foreign conquerors, she still remembers her fatherland and the roots that link her to it. Through the different structured sections, she was able to show the readers the difference in culture and feelings she has.

Multinational Perspective Essay

multinational corporations originated from the want for substantial capital and particular risks for large industrial or commercial consortiums for overseas calling. The modern invention of multinational corporations came into being during the 17th and 18th centuries and a good example of such a peril is the British East India Company in atomic number 16 Asia and the Dutch East India Company in South East Asias Indo-Chinese Peninsula.With the current communications and management technologies available, more companies ar able to make the most out of international trade liberalization. Today, multinational corporations are expanding themselves to increase their marts, increase brand presence and infix and benefit from inexpensive raw materials and labor (Chang, 2003).Scenario for Multinational CorporationsCurrently, there is an estimated 40,000 multinational corporations realism wide in and approximately 250,000 overseas collaborations running cross-continental trading unconscious processs. Most multinational corporations are from the United States, western sandwich Europe, and Japan. By 1995, the top 200 multinational corporations al wizard had collective revenues reaching of $7.1 Trillion which is equivalent to 28.3 percentage of the gross domestic yield globally (Bernal, Kaukab, and Yu, 2005).The operations of multinational corporations are governed by the policies of The area barter Organization (WTO), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the World rim. though the handed-down view of multinational corporations is that of queen-sized manufacturers, current trends and ontogenesiss in technology prepare excessively given rise to micro-multinationals1 as well affair process outsourcing (BPO) ventures (Ewing, 2005). Among the countries being targeted for multination expansion, China and India are the current top favorites of multinational companies (McKinsey ball-shaped Institute MGI, 2004). globalisation has allowed access to mar kets via technology and has reduced distri hardlyion, lower internal coordination costs. It has also allowed for net drubing of specialized services and products in persist of corporate functions through and through BPOs whether within the companies internal operations or its external activities (Ewing, 2005).Entry to evolution Markets Though the scenario of multinational expansion has changed, the methods of entry remain traditional in most developing countries (Hoos, 2000 Tubbs and Schulz, 2006). Strategies to enter new markets for multinational corporations are by mergers or direct acquisition, sequential market entry and through joint venturesMergers Merger or direct acquisition of existing companies is the forthright entry to a market. This is the scheme usually employed by large multinational corporations. It maximizes the economies of scale advantage to overcome barriers to entry (Ewing, 2005 Multinational Corporations, 2006).Considered as foreign direct investments (FDI), they are work to not only commercial regulation but are also direct affected by fiscal and investment policies by the host country, and associate international trade policies (United Nations Conference on Trade and ontogenesis UNCTAD, 2005). Beginning in 2004, it has been identified as a critical in developing countries and studies adjudge been commissioned to quantify their impact of the economies of developing countries (UNCTAD, 2004).The initial ranked for FDI is India and was followed closely by China (Kearney, 2004). Though India has been able to outrank China and Mexico, China real acquires more FDI significantly either country since 2002 (Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion, 2005 MGI, 2004). sequent Market EntrySequential market entry involves foreign direct investment and getting hold of a sector if the market related to the parents companies core line of task, usually its key product or competency. It is variant from a merger that it that the parent compa ny does not bring in all of products, services or operations into a host country (Multinational Corporations, 2006). This method is the preferred by smaller companies and conservative business to begin their multinational operations (Kearney, 2004).Sony, in its initial expansion to the United States first limited its operations to manufacturing televisions but eventually expanded its operations to the production of magnetic tape and eventually to the production of speech sound in the 1970s. Today, Sonys operations in the United States include semiconductors and personal communications. Sonys United States operation used its expertise and leadership in manufacturing television to establish itself in the industry and its topical anesthetic arguing and then used this it as leverage to expand its products in the United States (Multinational Corporations, 2006). some other victimization in multinational operations is that outsourcing of operations or services to other countries. Acco rding to both UNCTAD 2004 and 2005 wrap ups, BPO is one of swift growing industries globally.Joint Ventures Joint ventures are operational or service partnerships with companies already existing or operating in the host country. This method of entry is limits is not as liberal as mergers or sequential market entry but is effective when entering heavily regulated markets. The method has been in particular use in entering the markets of China, the Soviet Union and that of Eastern Europe (Multinational Corporations, 2006).The issue of limited control for parent companies is the usually critique of this method and has brocaded issues regarding liberalization issues (Bernal, Kaukab, and Yu, 2005). Host countries and venture partners significantly benefit from the transfer of technology and management while parent companies are able to enter differently restrictive market. The concern for multinational companies however is the outgrowth of conflicts with joint venture partners who can become competitors (Multinational Corporations, 2006).Another concern for most multinational corporations regarding entering into joint ventures is that topical anaesthetic policies, which their joint venture partners are subject to, are easily changeable. The inception of stable industry policies that may affect joint ventures and similar partnerships is one of the major focuses of developing countries trying to attract more investments (Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion, 2005). This move has been comported by the current agenda of the World Trade Organization (WTO), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank and the United Nations (UNCTAD, 2004).Multinational Corporations in Developing Countries Entering into s developing market requires the recognition and creation of strategies to deal with poor economic conditions, low educational levels, technological barriers or lack of existing take and infrastructures for the distribution of the product and servi ce (UNCTAD, 2005).Globalization and Trade Liberalization A major reason for multinational expansion is accessing a wider market. This coincides with the international agenda of globalization and trade liberalization. The Asian Financial Crisis may lock in be a haunting scenario for many investors (Bernal, Kaukab, and Yu, 2005), but the current trends in Asia, particularly China and India, is creating renew interest in expanding to developing countries (MGI, 2004). The efforts of developing countries to liberalize trade and industries call for also been encouraging. Recent trends have allowed the return of Coca-Cola to India (Nayak, 2006), the ranking of Asia as the most attractive FDI region (Kearney, 2006) and the growing success on BPOs in India and the Philippines (UNCTAD, 2005). The operations of multinational corporations have been constructive in the education of markets, the introduction of new products and the development of industries as a whole. investitures of these companies have helped stressed local economies space and opportunity to expand. The technology and management cognition that multinational companies bring in has helped local research and development to improve standard practices and policies. Multinational companies have been able to benefit from reduced labor, materials or overall operation costs. A significant benefit of release global is establishing brand and product presence. Many companies have also benefited from the variated market that globalization has provided them increasing product efficiency and marketability.Global Trend and Scenario Though multinational corporations significantly contribute to international trade and development have not enjoyed acclaim. Their presence and nature if operations is said to be more detrimental to local economies than beneficial (Baitu, 2006 Tubbs and Schulz, 2006, Chang, 2003). Studies have also shown the negative effects of the operation of multinational corporations prompted some go vernments to take a protectionist approach which ahs deterred not only these corporations but trade liberalization in general (Wysocki, 2006). According to the UNCTAD report regarding multinational corporations in least developed countries (UNCTAD, 2002), the highly centralized nature of these corporations is the main apprehension against them. Though multinational corporations contribute significantly to local economies in the stamp of investment, technology and commerce, there is very smaller barrier to exit from the local industry in case of a national economic downswing (Hoos, 2000). They have been said to have contributed to the aggravation of labor conditions, environmental degradation, and degeneration of social conditions, declined local industries and livelihood, and raised inflation levels (Tubbs and Schulz, 2006). Furthermore, the mobility of multinational corporations leaves host countries with less bargaining power and allows them significant leverage over countries t hat are highly disadvantaged and needy of the jobs and investment they provide (UNCTAD, 2002).Current Issues and Concerns for Multinational Operations In an international environment, a companys concerns will have to consider more external factors. International trade laws, liberalization and globalization are the obvious concerns that emerging multinational have to face. More importantly, companies have to steer themselves to local markets, governments and policies that may they may not be familiar with (Wysocki, 2006). Exploring international markets also increases competition not just with traditional competitors but also for new business developments such as micro-multinationals (Ewing, 2005). The risks and challenges of becoming a multinational company need strategies that consider the companys goals, international market scenarios and effective local marketing approaches.RecommendationsIn general, there should be further quantitative and qualitative studies on multinational corporations developed impact to host countries from individual to industry levels especially for the least developed countries that host them (UNCTAD, 2002). Multinational companies straight off are not just commercial ventures they also serve as highways of liberalization. Some multinational companies have great assets than the poorest of developing countries leaving these nations with limited bargaining power. The need to attract investments by multinational companies moldiness not undermine the focus on welfare, health and social life (Baitu, 2006).The following considerations are border UNDTADs World investing hatch for 2004 and 2005, the 2002 Report Multinational Corporations in Least Developed Countries and Bernal, Kaukab and Yus The World Development Report 2005 for the WTO Host countries must focus on creating industry competencies that do not just cater to the current needs of multinational companies operating in the country. Developing countries must not become depe ndent on multinational companies and focus on boosting domestic growth. Developing countries should be generously cautious in accepting FDI to the country so as to ensure the survival of its local industries. It should not take a protectionist approach creating false security in its local industries but only to save the pressures of advantage that multinationals have by reasons of economies of scale. Closer coordination with trade associations and international liberalization agencies will allows for developing countries support and knowledge in dealing with multinational corporations. At the same time, multinational corporations can benefit form the standardization of commerce and industry, decreasing speculation and uncertainty for their ventures. Consideration of social issues can help multinational companies have a better local feel for the host countrys markets. Pubic transaction in smaller countries become crucial in building brand and product awareness, purchase and loyalt y. It also allows for the feasibility of introducing product extensions and even non-related ventures. Involving multinational corporations in the host countrys environment, community, research and development can establish a more meaningful relationship. Multinational corporations can benefit form having greater involvement in factors that affect its operations. Fears of multinational corporations being insensitive to local concerns can also be alleviated.Conclusion Multinational expansion is but one of the key indications of globalization. Liberalization signifies a countrys acceptance of globalization. Together, multinational corporations and liberalization act as vehicles for development and cooperation. As in all relationships, work must be put in to make it work. Multinationals grow when local economies grow through the development of labor, resources and market expansion. Host countries benefit from the investment, technology transfer and the development of its emerging indus tries. New multinational companies in particular could prosper and establish themselves well in developing economies where competition may not as stiff and industries not as crowded as they would be in developed countries. The key is in finding a balance between multinational investment and local industry growth and in creating a relationship between multinational corporations and host countries that are based on mutual development.ReferencesBaitu, J. (2006) globalization for the Common Good and Social Justice in Sub-Saharan Africa Online. forthcoming from Accessed 12 September 2006.Bergsten, C. F. (2000) The Global Trading System and the Developing Countries in 2000 Online. Working writing 99-6 Institute for International Economics. Available from Accessed 12 September 2006.Bernal, L. E., Kaukab, R. S., and Yu, V. P. B. III (2005).The World Development Report 2005 An Unbalanced Message on Investment Liberalization. WTO institutional Governance and Dispute Settlement, of the Tra de and Development Programme Geneva, Switzerland.Brown, A. G. and Stern, R. M. (2005) Concepts of Fairness in the Global Trading System. Gerald R. crossover School of Public Policy, The University of Michigan Michigan, USA.Chang, H. (2003) Foreign Investment Regulation in Historical Perspective Lessons for the Proposed WTO Investment Agreement Online. Available from Accessed 12 September 2006.Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (2005) Foreign pack Investment-Policy & Procedures. New Delhi Government of India. Available from Accessed 12 September 2006.Ewing, R. (2005) The New Multinational Lilliputian, Not Leviathan Online. Speaking freely Asia Times Online. Available from Accessed 12 September 2006.Hoos, J. (2000) Globalization, Multinational Corporations and Economics. Kiado Budapest.Kearney, A.T. (2004) China and India Jockey for the Top Most taking Foreign Direct Investment Destination Globally While the U.S. Is Challenged by These Rapidly Evolving Economies Glob al executives gossip the best business environment since 2000, yet a return to positive global FDI flows could be involved by a new mix of operational risks. A.T. Kearney London, United Kingdom.Nayak , A. K. J. R. (2006) Globalization of Foreign Direct Investment in India 1900s2000 online. Available from Accessed 12 September 2006.McKinsey Global Institute (2004). China and India The Race to Growth Online. McKinsey every quarter . Available from Accessed 12 September 2006.Multinational Corporations (2006) Encyclopedia of Management, Volume Mar-No. Available from Accessed 12 September 2006.Tubbs, S. L. and Schulz, E. (2006) Exploring a Taxonomy of Global Leadership Competencies and Meta-competencies. The Journal of American Academy of Business, Volume 8, Number 2, March 2006, Dissertation Paper presented at the Eastern MichiganUniversity. Eastern Michigan University Michigan.United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (2002) Multinational Corporations (MNCs) in Least Deve loped Countries (LDCs).United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (2004) World Investment Report 2004.United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (2005) World Investment Report 2005.Wysocki, B. Jr.(2006) Symbol Over Substance Online. Original Article printed in The Wall Street Journal, September 25, 2000. Available from Accessed 12 September 2006.1 Micro-multinational are companies who have small manpower and overall scale unlike the traditional multinational corporations. An example is Navin Communications who have engineering operations in Mumbai, India and headquarters in draw View, California (Multinational Corporations, 2006).

Pinnacle Manufacturing Case

overlord Work please INTEGRATED CASE APPLICATION PINNACLE MANUFACTURING PART II 9-37 (Objectives 9-7, 9-8) In factor I of the case, you performed preliminary analytical procedures for top of the inning (pp. 245247). The aspiration of Part II is to identify factors influencing stake of expo originals and the relationship of guesss to analyze evidence. During the planning phase of the visit, you met with spinning tops management team and performed other planning activities. You encounter the sp be- clock time activity situations that you believe may be relevant to the audit 1.Your firm has an employee who reads and saves articles about issues that may affect secern clients. You read an article in the file titled, EPA Regulations Encouraging Solar-Powered Engines Postp iodind? after(prenominal) reading the article, you realize that the regulations management is relying upon to increment sales of this division might not go into effect for at least ten course of instructi ons. A second article is titled, Stick to Diesel Pinnacle The article claims that although Pinnacle has proven itself within the diesel engine engine industry, they lack the knowledge and people necessary to perform well in the solar-powered engine industry. . You remove management for a tour of the Solar-Electro facilities. While touring the warehouse, you notice a section of solar-powered engines that do not research like the superstars advertised on Pinnacles Web site. You ask the warehouse manager when those items were beginning manufactured. He responds by telling you, Im not sure. Ive been here a year and they were here when I first arrived 3. You also observe that new computerized manufacturing equipment has been installed at Solar-Electro. The machines bring on been stamped with the words, Product of Welburn Manufacturing, Detroit, Michigan. 4. During a meeting with the facilities director, you involve that the board of directors has heady to raise a significant amou nt of debt to finance the anatomical structure of a new manufacturing pose for the Solar-Electro division. The partnership also plans to make a considerable investment in modifications to the property on which the plant give be built. 5. While standing in line at a vending machine, you see a Pinnacle vice president wearing a golf game shirt with the words Todd-Machinery You are familiar with the company and noticed some of its repairmen working in the plant earlier.You tell the man you like the shirt and he responds by saying, Thank you. My wife and I take the company, but we hire people to manage it. 6. After inquiry of the inwrought audit team, you realize at that place is significant turnover in the internal audit segment. You conclude the turnover is scarce presend at the higher-level positions. 7. While reviewing Pinnacles long-term debt agreements, you identify several restrictive covenants. Two needs are to go by the current ratio above 2. 0 and debt-to-equity on a lower floor 1. 0 at all times. 8.While reading the footnotes of the preceding years financial statements, you note that one customer, Auto-Electro, accounts for nearly 15% of the companys accounts due end. You investigate this receivable and learn it has been outstanding for several months. 9. The engagement partner from your CPA firm called right away notifying you that Brian Sioux, an industry specialist and senior tax manager from the firms Ontario office, will be climax on-site to Pinnacles facilities to investigate an ongoing dispute between the indwelling Revenue avail and Pinnacle. 0. A member of your CPA firm, who is currently on-site in Detroit at the Welburn division, calls you to see how everything is going composition you are visiting Solar-Electro in Texas. During your conversation, he asks if you know anything about the recent intercompany loan from Welburn to Solar-Electro. 11. During discussions with the Pinnacle ascendancyler, you learn that Pinnacle empl oyees did a significant amount of the construction work for a building addition.The controller express that the work was carefully coordinated with the construction company responsible for the addition. Required a. Identify specific considerations from split I and II of the case that affect your assessments of engagement risk and acceptable audit risk. Use distributively of the three factors in the text to categorize your conclusions External users reliance on financial statements Likelihood of financial difficulties counselling integrity As the Independent Auditor I would require from Pinnacle, the client a Management Representation Letter.This is a letter an auditor is required to obtain from management at the conclusion of theatrework, positivistic representations explicitly or implicitly given to the auditor, indicating and documenting the continuing appropriateness of such representations, and reducing the possibility of misapprehend regarding the representations. b. ev aluate acceptable audit risk as high, medium, or low considering the items you identified in requirement a. (A risky client will be assessed as a low acceptable audit risk. I will identify the audit risk as high. c. Identify inwrought risks for the audit of Pinnacle exploitation the learning from Parts I and II. For each(prenominal) inherent risk, identify the account or accounts that may be affected. (1)Related Parties A reporting entitys affiliates, principal owners, and management also, any members of their immediate families. Points of consideration is a Pinnacle VP owning Todd-Machinery, its repair men working at Pinnacle at the time the auditor was at field work, while standing in front of vending machine. 2) While reviewing Pinnacles long-term debt agreements, in that location were several restrictive covenants. Two requirements are to observe the current ratio above 2. 0 and debt-to-equity below 1. 0 at all times. This is an item of consideration of possibilities for Pinnacle to cook the books so as to keep in compliance with covenant. (3) There is a high turnover of employees. After inquiry of the internal audit team, you realize there is significant turnover in the internal audit plane section. You conclude the turnover is only present at the higher-level positions. 4) While reading the footnotes of the previous years financial statements, you note that one customer, Auto-Electro, accounts for nearly 15% of the companys accounts receivable balance. This receivable and learn it has been outstanding for several months. This is an inherent risk of being a tie in party transaction wherein secures could be sold to Auto-Electro, a related party, but Pinnacle has not received collection of receivables because this is just to make the financial statements look good as having the sale.Revenue and Inventory accounts are affected. (5)There is an ongoing dispute between Pinnacle and Internal Revenue Service. 10-43 (Objective 10-5) In Parts I and II of this case, you performed preliminary analytical procedures and assessed acceptable audit risk and inherent risk for Pinnacle Manufacturing. Your team has been assigned the responsibility of auditing the achievement and payment cycle and one related balance sheet account, accounts collectible.The general approach to be taken will be to reduce assessed control risk to a low level, if possible, for the two main types of transactions affecting accounts payable acquisitions and silver in disbursements. The following are furnished as background information A summary of key information from the audit of the acquisition and payment cycle and accounts payable in the prior year, which was extracted from the previous audit firms audit files (Figure 10-12) A flowchart description of the story system and internal controls for the acquisition and payment cycle (Figure 10-13,p. 34)the flowchart shows that although each of the companys three divisions has its own receiving department, the pur chasing and accounts payable functions are centralized The purpose of Part III is to obtain an understanding of internal control and assess control risk for Pinnacle Manufacturings acquisition and cash disbursement transactions. Required a. Familiarize yourself with the internal control system for acquisitions and cash disbursements by studying the information in Figure 10-12 and Figure 10-13. FIGURE 10-12 Information for Audit of Accounts collectible Previous Year . Prepare a control risk matrix for acquisitions and a separate one for cash disbursements using Figure 10-5 on page 308 as a guide. A formatted control risk matrix is provided on the textbook Web site. The objectives should be specific transaction-related audit objectives for acquisitions for the first matrix and cash disbursements for the second matrix. See pages 608612 in Chapter 18 for transaction-related audit objectives for acquisitions and cash disbursements. In doing Part III, the following travel are recommen ded (1) Controls a.Identify key controls for acquisitions and for cash disbursements. After you decide on the key controls, include each control in one of the two matrices. b. Include a C in the matrix in each column for the objective(s) to which each control applies. Several of the controls should satisfy multiple objectives. (2) Deficiencies a. Identify key deficiencies for acquisitions and for cash disbursements. After you decide on the deficiencies, include each significant deficiency or material weakness in the bottom portion of one of the two matrices. AnswerDuring a meeting with the facilities director, you learn that the board of directors has decided to raise a significant amount of debt to finance the construction of a new manufacturing plant for the Solar-Electro division. The company also plans to make a considerable investment in modifications to the property on which the plant will be built. Auditing Presentation and Disclosure. a. Completeness The auditor should ensur e that all required disclosures related to accounts payable and procures have been include in the notes to the financial statements. Required disclosures include 1.Payables by type (trade, officer/ employee, affiliates) and term (short-term and long-term) 2. procure contracts and procure commitments. 3. Related party leveragings and payables 4. Expenses by segment b. Valuation, Allocation and Accuracy The auditor should read the footnotes and other information related to accounts payable and purchases to take in whether the information is accurate and presented at the appropriate amounts. c. Rights and Obligations and Occurrence The auditor should equivalence disclosures to other audit eveidence to ensure that all disclosed information related to accounts payable and purchases has occurred. . Understandability and miscellanea The auditor should read all accounts payable and purchase related disclosures to ensure that they are understandable. The auditor should determine wheth er material long-term payables or non-trade payables require separate disclosure. b. Include a D in the matrix in each column for the objective(s) to which each significant deficiency or material weakness applies. (3) Assess control risk as high, medium, or low for each objective using your vanquish judgment. Do this for both the acquisitions and cash disbursements matrices.Control risk is to be assessed as high therefore as auditor, I would growing my risk sampling. Expenditure Cycle A. Internal Control- Purchases The following functions in a purchase transaction should be segregated 1. Purchase Requisition The purchase requisition starts the purchasing cycle. The department in need of the summation or services sends a properly approved, serially numbered requisition to the purchasing department. The requisitioning department should not have the authority to actually place the purchase order. This would indicate a weakness in internal control. 2. Purchase OrdersThe purchasing de partment should place the order only after giving proper consideration to the time to order and the quantity to order. The purchasing department should also obtain competitive bids from various suppliers to make sure that the best price is obtained. The purchase order is issued only after proper approval. For internal control purposes, it is best that pre-numbered purchase orders can be used. There should be multiple copies that will be sent to (i) the requisitioning department (ii) the vendor (iii) the receiving department and (iv) the report department.If the purchase order is canceled, all copies should be recalled and filed so that every purchase order number is accounted for. 3. Receipt of Goods or Services The copy of the purchase order sent to the receiving department serves as an authorization to accept the goods when they arrive. It is preferable that the copy not indicate the quantity ordered. Thus, the receiving department is compel to count the goods upon arrival. A re ceiving report is prepared by this department and forwarded to the accounting department. The goods are forwarded to the requisitioning department .B. Internal Control Accounts Payable The accounting department has three functions (i) to designate the payable, (ii) to approve the invoice for payment and (iii) to record the payment after it is paid by the Treasurer. 1. Recording the Payable The copy of the purchase order sent to the accounting department notifies them that there will be a future cash disbursement. The receiving report is compared with the purchase order and the vendors invoice as to the quantity to prevent payment of charges for goods in oversupply of those ordered and received.The accounting department records the goods as received in inventory, and records a payable. 2. Approving Invoice for fee and Recording Payment When the invoice arrives, the accounting department approves it by matching the invoice, purchase order, receiving report, and (sometimes) the req uisition. When payment is made, the payable is reversed. The accounting department should ensure that the invoice amount is correct, and that it accurately reflects any purchase discounts, before approbatory it for payment. C. Internal Control Cash DisbursementsIt is best for internal control purposes to pay invoices by check. For effective internal control, the functions of approving the payment and signing the checks should be segregated. Approved voucher packets (matched invoice, purchase order, receiving report, and requisition) prepared by the accounting department (Accounts Payable) are received by the Treasurer, who prepares, signs, and mails the checks and cancels all supporting documents after payment. Paid vouchers are returned to the accounting department for posting of the payment and filing of the documents.

Search Engines

Rosetta Craft-J nonpareils English Coma I Rough Draft My song Is approve on Top by beyond. Beyond wrote mania on top because she wanted to express how Jay Z makes her palpate through the years on a daily basis through song. Through disclose the years Beyond has had different songs dedicated to different people alone this is a beginning(a) to the one she beds. Which is good affaire because Beyond and Jay Z are very private when It comes to there relationship. Which Im going to give you briefing which direct up to the song Love On Top. Narrative) She had success in the past year of 2011, Beyond won a Grammar for Love On Top for best dance in a video. Also during the deed at the Video medicinal drug Awards, while performing Love On Top she announced to Jay Z and the world she was pregnant (which was so spontaneous). Shes also happy about how there able to keep the tabloids out of there life and they keep social occasions to them selves. Which has been that way since there cou rtship began in 2002. Beyond was so gallery over heels with Jay Z she moved from Houston to NY. Example) When Jay Z and Beyond met It was for a song collaboration for the song 02 fair(a) and Clyde. There where speculations then but it wasnt confirmed until he song collaboration Crazy In Love came out that they where announced as a official couple.The couple went on to do other collaborations such(prenominal) as Thats how you like It and upgrade you. The couple came together In song to express there go throughings for severally other, But love on Top was Bounces education solo song to Jazzy. They are truly a power house couple. Description) By Beyond announcing the pregnancy of there baby on the Video Music Awards while performing Love On Top todays was a heartfelt moment. Due to Beyond miscarrying the couples first child Just two years prior. Despite the rumors baby girl Blue Vive came in this man in January 2012. Jay Z has always made beyond happy you stub tell by how she r aise his career to ownership for his own record label, basketball team, etc. Beyond really did an Upgrade on Sean Carter A. K. A. Jay Z. Despite how her father Mathew Knowles felt about Jay Z , Bounces feelings didnt change towards Jay Z.Jay Z was what Beyond was looking for, The fully grown boy business type. The couple had a very intimate and private seven year courtship. That take to a private marriage on April 4, 2008. Throughout the years trials, rumors, and success Beyond and Jay Z remained together and that is wherefore her love is on top. Love On Top Honey, honey I can go over the stars all the way from here, Cant you see the glow on the window pane? I can feel the sun whenever youre near Every time you touch me I Just melt anyhow everybody asks me why Im joyous out from ear to ear. They say love hurts)But I know (Its goanna take the real work) Nothings perfect, but its deserving it after fighting through my fears, And finally you launch me firstborn its you. , Youre the one I love. Youre the one I need. Youre the only one I see. exercise on baby its you. Youre the one that gives your all. Youre the one I can always call. When I need you make everything stop. last you drop my love on top. Oho settle on Baby. You spue my love on top, top, top, top, top. You put my love on top. Oho 000 Come on baby.You put my love on top, top, top, top, top. My love on top. My love on top. Come on Baby I can feel the wind whipping past my face. As we dance the night away. Boy your lips stress like a night of champagne. As I kiss you again, and again, and again and again. Now everybody asks me why Im smiling out from ear to ear. (They say love hurts)But I know (Its goanna take the real work) Nothings perfect, but its worth it after fighting wrought my fears. And finally you put me first. Baby its you. Youre the one I love. Youre the one I need.Youre the only one I see. Come on baby its you. Youre the one that gives your all. Youre the one I can always call. W hen I need you make everything stop. Finally you put my love on top. 000 Baby. You put my love on top, top, top, top, top. You put my love on top. Oho 000 Come on baby. You put my love on top, top, top, top, top. My love on top. Baby its you. Youre the one I love. Youre the one I need. Youre the only thing I see. Come on baby its you. Youre the one that gives your all. Youre the one that always calls.When I need you baby everything stops. Finally you put my love on top. Baby. Youre the one I love. Baby youre all I need. Youre the only one I see. Come on baby its you. Youre the one that gives your all. Youre the one I always call. When I need you everything stops. Finally you put my love on topiary. Cue Youre the one that I love. Baby, youre the one that I need. Youre the only thing I see. Baby baby its you. Youre the one that gives your all. Youre the one that always calls. When I need you everything stops. Finally you put my love on top

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Evolved in Response to Antibiotic

How have mycobacterium tuberculosis evolved in response to antibiotic economic consumption? Section 1 P1 (Words 177) Since antibiotics has been discoered in 1920 by a Scottish microbiologist Alexander Fleming, bulk began to have access to encompassments for infectious unwellnessinesss (Bright). However, over time these M. tuberculosis has evolved and became repellant to antibiotics through constant persona and incorrect usage (Bright). It is important to form this health recognize beca routine it has created a serious business to the mickle who argon give by diseases since these antibiotics are no semipermanent effective.It is estimated that to a greater extent than(prenominal)(prenominal) or less 77,000 tidy sum were killed by resistant M. tuberculosis in the United States (Bright) and the aesculapian cost to discretion infections with antibiotic defense has reached as high up to 44 billion dollars each year (Larsen). In the article of antibiotic drugs Resist ance by Pushpa Larsen, roughly about 70 percent of those 2 million people in the United States who has became give with diseases within a year were resistant to antibiotics that was macrocosm commonly tough in the hospitals (Larsen).With an overuse and misuse of antibiotics by the tender cosmos, it increases the fall out of M. tuberculosis to evolve and have the powerfulness to become resistant. Section 1 P2 (Words 482) As people dish out antibiotics constantly and antibiotics that treats for a variety of M. tuberculosis, over a period of time it normally results in M. tuberculosis being resistant, and the only way to solve this is to change the human behavior. Since M. tuberculosis can reproduce rapidly within hours or days, the big community of the M. uberculosis causes the increase of adaptation to different environment (Bright). The fast generation mentioned in the article of Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance, claimed that with much(prenominal) massive population, it also can rise the guess of mutation in genes which causes interpretation (Bright). With having to a greater extent gamble of resulting variation among these huge quantity of population in M. tuberculosis, there pass on be more(prenominal) chance of these M. uberculosis with mutation to be selected for the environment imputable to pictorial pickax. With M. tuberculosis being able to use specific tools gained from the gene, each can perform different methods of being immunity to the antibiotic for example, by fetching a gene from a nonher bacterium (Bright). Scientists measure the lot of M. terbium by using a special tool called, spectrophotometer to shoot out light and count the percentage of M. tuberculosis present in the tube. A certain union of M.atomic number 65 will be added into the tube and place it inside the spectrophotometer to measure the percentage of population present in the tube by using a specific light of flap length with a scale pointing to how much li ght is being present (Ferguson, 2012). With having a higher population in the destination, the less light it will be shown in the spectrophotometer (Ferguson, 2012). When antibiotics are added into the tube, those that are non resistant to the antibiotics are being killed, but those that are resistant subsist (Ferguson, 2012).The measuring will show the amount of population being resistant to antibiotics by the scale shown in the spectrophotometer (Ferguson, 2012). There are no treatments to stage consonant the M. tuberculosis from being resistant to antibiotics. However, we can help solve the problem of more bacterium being resistant to antibiotics by decreasing the amount use of antibiotics and taking antibiotics in the full cycle as prescribed by the doctor (Bright). The amount of antibiotics that people take is about 235 million doses a year, and approximately one third to one half of the antibiotics being taken are not needed (Larsen).A look for has found that patients h ave been demanding antibiotics from doctors even though the patients cold or other infections does not require any antibiotic use (Bright). The antibiotic misuse by people is that patients usually stop taking antibiotics once they feel that their cold or viral diseases is much better (Larsen). This can rent to the resistance in M. tuberculosis and groom a stronger defense(Larsen). By changing the human actions towards the use of antibiotics, it can help solve the problem of bacterium evolved in response to antibiotics.Section 2 P3 + P4 intensify (Words 407) The standard of spectrophotometer to determine the percentage of M. terabyte and the surmise of natural survival both determines an effective way of observing how M. Tuberculosis evolved in response to antibiotics. By measuring the percentage of M. Tuberculosis present in a tube, the method of using spectrophotometer helps scientists to observe and witness the evolution of how M. Tuberculosis became more resistant to ant ibiotics overtime (Ferguson, 2012). The resistance of M. tuberculosis in ntibiotics due to evolution theory of natural selection, those that favors in the natural selection tends to survive and reproduce to carry on their traits (Bright). As they reproduce, an immense volume of culture is being duplicated which increases more chance of variation among the tremendous population (Bright). Scientists uses tool like spectrophotometer to observe the come out of M. Tuberculosis being killed, and how those survived bacteria regained its resistant towards antibiotics the next time it is being added to the culture (Ferguson, 2012).As each time an antibiotic is being added to the culture, those without resistance dies and those with, remain alive (Ferguson, 2012). Those that does live, increases and continues to grow (Ferguson, 2012). But, when an antibiotic is being added into the culture again in the next round, the rate of resistance of M. Tuberculosis increases in terms of building up a defense and using methods as in gaining a gene from a bacteria to become immune to antibiotics (Bright). Overtime, the increase number of antibiotics added into the culture rapidly escalates and boost up the number of M.Tuberculosis being resistant (Ferguson, 2012). By facial expression at the theory of natural selection, those with best suited traits tends to be selected for, and reproduce in massive quantities which increases a greater possibility in variation. Either an antibiotic is being ameliorated from the former antibiotic or a all told youthful developed antibiotic is invented, M. Tuberculosis will always find a solution to become more resistant to the antibiotic until it completely becomes unscathed to them (Bright). As more M. uberculosis gain further ability in building defense against the antibiotics, the more they reproduce those immune duplicates, the more difficult it will be for the human to advertise against these M. Tuberculosis since they develop resistance. W ith the overpopulation of these cultures, the opportunity of variation is very high due to mutation in the gene (Bright). The method of measuring the increase in resistance helps benefits scientists to understand how M. Tuberculosis has evolve in response due to antibiotics and natural selection by using spectrophotometer.Section 3 P5 + P6 combine (Words 429) With the science industry use of measurement of M. Tuberculosis percentage resistant to antibiotics and the theory of natural selection do us socially in terms of causing chaos among the society with being unable to remediation these M. Tuberculosis as they continue to become more resistant. Patients usually demands and gives pressure on doctors to provide them with antibiotics even when not needed (Bright). This usually is the reason to why M.Tuberculosis evolve and become resistant to antibiotics rapidly as more variation is present by the massive reproduction of M. Tuberculosis (Pitman, 2004). If the doctor suggests the patient to not take antibiotics, because it might cause the resistance towards antibiotics, then it is likely that patients will still insist to take those antibiotics but to cure their infections or cold. Such aspect of the patient shows that they have no tolerance towards the future crisis of the develop war between antibiotics and M. Tuberculosis.When a doctor insists their patients to take antibiotics as described in the instructions of the cycle, patients usually feel that their freedom of choice is being pressured and mostly they will go with their own opinion and finale making towards the use of antibiotics (Tekstiin, 2009). As patients sense that their cold or infectious disease has become better, they usually stop taking the antibiotics (Tekstiin, 2009). The reason for this is because some patients think that their immune carcass have the ability to fight against the bacteria present in their bole.Research have found that taking antibiotics are very detrimental to the body in terms of damaging the good bacteria, as well as decreasing the competition between the harmful bacteria and the beneficial bacteria existing in your body (Tekstiin, 2009). In the future when people are infect by infectious diseases, the infection in the human body will not be effected by the antibiotics since they have evolved resistance towards antibiotics (Tekstiin, 2009).With this reason, as more people get infected with diseases, the antibiotics will be ineffective and cause turmoil among the society because doctors will be unable to cure them since the resistance in M. tuberculosis continues to rise rapidly. As a large percentage of the people becomes infected with diseases that are unable to be treated, the world could lose a massive population because more and more people are infected by the disease each day. The science application of measurement on resistance in M. Tuberculosis and the natural selection links to the factor socially with the cause of ineffectuality of most antibiotics towards M.Tuberculosis, causing a huge loss in human population. Section 3 P7 + P8 combine (Words ) Scientists observe the measurement of percentage in M. Tuberculosis by looking at the curve of the change magnitude resistance in antibiotics as the natural selection provides the chance of stronger resistance due to variation of M. Tuberculosis and with this, scientists are able to predict that it will effect the society economically in terms of checkup costs to treat resistance in antibiotics. With people constantly overusing antibiotics for treating their infections or cold overtime, those M.Tuberculosis that survived recovers by reproducing a large quantity of population and develop a defense against the antibiotics (Antibiotic resistance, 2008). As more antibiotics are given and added to kill the M. Tuberculosis, they become more resistant each time and soon, they will become completely resistant to antibiotics within a short period of time. As the number o f resistant M. Tuberculosis increases, the more time and funds scientists will have to invest on research and create antibiotics to treat the infected growing human population.With the experimentation, tools and a variety solutions of antibiotics, it all comes with a large amount of money. The healthcare system might find themselves drowning and finding impediment in pay since a large amount of money will be spent on medical research and care (Study on the, 2009). Also, they will find trouble in restoring their stability in health care for the people when several people are dying since no treatment can be cured (Study on the, 2009). However, it is not only the scientists and the healthcare association who houses, but also the infected patients families as well.To treat such infection with resistance towards antibiotics it comes to a huge cost in finance for the patients family (Study on the, 2009). The prediction of the high medical cost in the future by looking at the increasin g rate of resistance of M. Tuberculosis in antibiotics by the scientists show how this problem of the become resistance towards antibiotics effects us economically when no cure can be treated. Section 4 P9 (Words 309) The social limitations of the measurement in the increasing percentage of M.Tuberculosis develop into a newfoundly developed antibiotic resistant bacteria links with the natural selection of massive reproduction in the M. Tuberculosis that increases the chance of variation among the huge population, that causes the emerging probability in resistant to antibiotics, which creates a numerous number of patients to suffer severely when no treatments are to be able to completely cure the free burning developing new bacteria resistant to antibiotics. Understanding the measurement of the change in the increase rate of new evolved M. uberculosis effects not just the people but also the society in whole as well. Overtime, as people continuously take antibiotics to treat inf ections, those survived M. Tuberculosis develops into a new stronger bacteria resistant to the antibiotics, due to natural selection of variation among the huge population of the culture (Larsen). As scientists creates new antibiotics to treat such newly developed antibiotic-resistant M. Tuberculosis, these variation in the M. Tuberculosis will continue to become stronger and develop immune towards these new antibiotics (Bright). By applying the theory of evolution of M.Tuberculosis being more resistant to antibiotics by natural selection of variation in overpopulation, it moves on the people socially with infections that continuously rises in population and keeps on developing into a new and stronger M. Tuberculosis that is unable to be treated, it will cause a major problem in our society where a large percent of the human population are suffering from the continuous developing new variation of M. Tuberculosis (Bright). With the huge population of culture, variation among these p opulation is high which increases the rising rate of new developed M.Tuberculosis resistant to antibiotics that causes an issue in our society of people to be churning by the fact of the continuous treatment to cure for unrepeated variation in M. Tuberculosis. Section 4 P10 (Words 345) The measurement of the rising percentage of the huge population in newly developed antibiotic-resistant M. Tuberculosis, and the overpopulation in natural selection that leads to the high possibility in variation effects the people economically in terms of the difficulty in treatment necessary to cure the patients continuous infected disease that is antibiotic-resistant with the variation in the M.Tuberculosis, that causes billions of dollars to treat this non-stop evolution of M. Tuberculosis. As doctors treats patients with antibiotics for their infected disease, some M. Tuberculosis in the infected disease are killed and some remain alive (Pitman, 2004). Those that survives, reproduces in large qu antities and in those massive population, the high probability of variation that becomes immune towards antibiotics among the huge population rises (Pitman, 2004). When scientists invents new antibiotics to treat for the newly developed M.Tuberculosis, the survived M. Tuberculosis evolves and becomes more resistant to antibiotics because of natural selection (Pitman, 2004). M. Tuberculosis adapts to the antibiotics and evolve in response through the constant use of antibiotics that causes them to become more resistant (Pitman, 2004). With people spending roughly about 44 billion dollars every year on treating the continuous appearing new variation of M. Tuberculosis, it has created a burden in finance when there are no treatment to completely obliterate the variation in M.Tuberculosis since they always develop resistance to antibiotics (Larsen). In order to treat the continuous antibiotic-resistant variation in M. Tuberculosis, it will effect staggeringly on the infected patient or their family and the hospital in terms of the finance in the medical cost (Study on the, 2009). In the end, people will end up paying immeasurably on antibiotics to treat these non-stop evolving resistant variation in M. Tuberculosis. With the continual of M.Tuberculosis in evolving into a newly antibiotic-resistant with the natural selection of variation because of the massive population that increases the possibility of mutation in gene, it will cost economically on the people to spend on the treatment to cure for the never-ending variation in M. Tuberculosis that is resistant to antibiotics. Works Cited Antibiotic resistance. (2008). Retrieved from http//www. sciencedaily. com/articles/a/antibiotic_resistance. htm Bright, K. (n. d. ). Applied evolution unit Evolution of antibiotic resistance. Retrieved from http//evoled. dbs. umt. edu/lessons/background. htm Ferguson, D. 2012, may 14). Measuring antibiotics resistance. Personal Communication . Larsen, P. (n. d. ). Antibiotics r esistance. Retrieved from http//www. naturalchoice. net/articles/antibiotics. htm Pitman, S. (2004, December). Antibiotic resistance. Retrieved from http//www. detectingdesign. com/antibioticresistance. html Study on the economic impact of antibiotic overuse and antibiotic-resistant infections. (2009, October 19). Retrieved from http//www. news-medical. net/news/20091019/Study-on-the-economic-impact-of-antibiotic-overuse-and-antibiotic-resistant-infections. aspx? page=2 Tekstiin, T. (2009, November 11).The long-term effects of antibiotics on health and immunity. Retrieved from http//inhumanexperiment. blogspot. jp/2009/11/long-term-effects-of-antibiotics-on. html Bibliography Davies, J. , & Davies, D. (n. d. ). Origins and evolution of antibiotic resistance. Retrieved from http//mmbr. asm. org/content/74/3/417. full Kunkel, D. (n. d. ). Antibiotic resistance Delaying the inevitable. Retrieved from http//evolution. berkeley. edu/evosite/relevance/IA1antibiotics2. shtml Microevolution & antibiotic-resistant bacteria. (2012, April 18). Retrieved from http//alexa2b. edublogs. org/2012/04/18/microevolution-antibiotic-resistant-bacteria/